MD NAD

NAD+ research citations — every claim on this site linked to its source

PubMed links and DOIs for every study cited across MD NAD.

// CITATIONS

About these references

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered citation in this list. All citations are from PubMed-indexed journals, PubMed Central, or peer-reviewed conference proceedings. DOI links and PubMed URLs are provided for each entry. NAD+ is a well-studied coenzyme with an active and growing clinical trial literature — the references below reflect that breadth.

  1. 1
    Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metabolism. 2016;23(6):1127-1139.
    PubMed 27304511 · DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.006
  2. 2
    Covarrubias AJ, Kale A, Perrone R, et al. Senescent cells promote tissue NAD+ decline during ageing via the activation of CD38+ macrophages. Nature Metabolism. 2020;2(11):1265-1283.
    PubMed 33199924 · DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00305-3
  3. 3
    Irie J, Inagaki E, Fujita M, et al. Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men. Endocrine Journal. 2020;67(2):153-160.
    PubMed 31685720 · DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ19-0313
  4. 4
    Okabe K, Yaku K, Uchida Y, et al. Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Is Safe and Efficiently Increases Blood Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels in Healthy Subjects. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022.
    PubMed 35309539 · DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868640
  5. 5
    Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229.
    PubMed 33888596 · DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9985
  6. 6
    Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2022;45(1):29-43.
    PubMed 36482258 · DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00705-1
  7. 7
    Igarashi M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. NPJ Aging. 2022;8(1):5.
    PubMed 35927255 · DOI: 10.1038/s41514-022-00084-z
  8. 8
    Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:9772.
    PubMed 31278280 · DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46120-z
  9. 9
    Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, et al. A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NAD+. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2019;11:257.
    PubMed 31572171 · DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00257
  10. 10
    Reyna K, Heinzen G, Patel N, et al. Intravenous infusion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) versus nicotinamide riboside (NR): a retrospective tolerability pilot study in a real-world setting. Frontiers in Aging. 2026.
    PubMed 41704678 · DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2026.1652582
  11. 11
    Blum K, Han D, Baron D, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and Enkephalinase Inhibition (IV1114589NAD) Infusions Significantly Attenuate Psychiatric Burden Sequalae in Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in Fifty Cases. Current Psychiatry Research Review. 2022.
    PubMed 36118157 · DOI: 10.2174/2666082218666220527114427
  12. 12
    Braidy N, Villalva MD, van Eeden S. Sobriety and Satiety: Is NAD+ the Answer? Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(5):425.
    PubMed 32423100 · DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050425
  13. 13
    Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. The NAD+/PARP1/SIRT1 Axis in Aging. Rejuvenation Research. 2017;20(3):244-247.
    PubMed 28537485 · DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1980
  14. 14
    Nakahata Y, Sahar S, Astarita G, Kaluzova M, Sassone-Corsi P. Circadian control of the NAD+ salvage pathway by CLOCK-SIRT1. Science. 2009;324(5927):654-657.
    PubMed 19286518 · DOI: 10.1126/science.1170803
  15. 15
    Grozio A, Mills KF, Yoshino J, et al. Slc12a8 is a nicotinamide mononucleotide transporter. Nature Metabolism. 2019;1(1):47-57.
    PubMed 31131364 · DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0009-4
  16. 16
    Christen S, Redeuil K, Goulet L, et al. The differential impact of three different NAD+ boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans. Nature Metabolism. 2026.
    PubMed 41540253 · DOI: 10.1038/s42255-025-01421-8
  17. 17
    Liao B, Zhao Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Hao X, Hu M. Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2021;18(1):54.
    PubMed 34238308 · DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00442-4
  18. 18
    Berven H, Kverneng S, Sheard E, et al. NR-SAFE: a randomized, double-blind safety trial of high dose nicotinamide riboside in Parkinson's disease. Nature Communications. 2023;14:7793.
    PubMed 38016950 · DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43514-6
  19. 19
    Vinten KT, Tretowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nature Metabolism. 2025;7(10):1974-1990.
    PubMed 41083806 · DOI: 10.1038/s42255-025-01387-7
  20. 20
    Orr ME, Kotkowski E, Ramirez P, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. GeroScience. 2024.
    PubMed 37994989 · DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00999-9
  21. 21
    Bohr VA. Promising Results With NAD Supplementation in Rare Diseases With Premature Aging and DNA Damage. Aging Cell. 2025.
    PubMed 41436848 · DOI: 10.1111/acel.70319
  22. 22
    Massudi H, Grant R, Braidy N, et al. Age-Associated Changes In Oxidative Stress and NAD+ Metabolism In Human Tissue. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42357.
    PubMed 22848760 · DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042357
  23. 23
    de Guia RM, Agerholm M, Nielsen TS, et al. Aerobic and resistance exercise training reverses age-dependent decline in NAD+ salvage capacity in human skeletal muscle. Physiological Reports. 2019;7(12):e14139.
    PubMed 31207144 · DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14139